October 12, 2026
The literature offers divergent readings. In the evidence given to the French National Assembly on 29 October 2025, Olivier Roy challenged the view that the aims of groups such as the Muslim Brotherhood consist in the Islamisation of the state or the seizure of power. François Burgat, in the scholarly interview published by the Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée in 2023, likewise challenges generalisations about the influence of European networks. These positions do not close the analysis of networks, nor do they remove the problems raised by opacity, control or funding; they do, however, require verifiable facts to be distinguished from inferences about their scope, and the label “Brotherhoodism” not to be used as a shortcut for categorising every form of Muslim conservatism or activism.
